Korean Four-Character Idioms (사자성어) Dictionary

30 commonly used Korean four-character idioms (사자성어), explained for learners with hanja, Korean reading, romanization, and meaning — searchable below.

Life & wisdom

大器晩成

大器晩成 (대기만성, daegimanseong)

Meaning

Literally "a great vessel is completed late." Meaning: a person destined for greatness tends to succeed later in life.

苦盡甘來

苦盡甘來 (고진감래, gojingamnae)

Meaning

Literally "bitterness ends, sweetness comes." Meaning: good times follow after hardship — no pain, no gain.

塞翁之馬

塞翁之馬 (새옹지마, saeongjima)

Meaning

Literally "the old man at the frontier's horse," from a folktale where a lost horse eventually brings good fortune. Meaning: the good and bad in life are unpredictable and can turn into one another.

易地思之

易地思之 (역지사지, yeokjisaji)

Meaning

Literally "change places and think it over." Meaning: put yourself in the other person's shoes.

溫故知新

溫故知新 (온고지신, ongojisin)

Meaning

Literally "warm the old to know the new." Meaning: you gain new understanding by reviewing and learning from the past.

自業自得

自業自得 (자업자득, jaeopjadeuk)

Meaning

Literally "one's own doing, one's own gain." Meaning: you bear the consequences of your own actions — you reap what you sow.

一擧兩得

一擧兩得 (일거양득, ilgeoyangdeuk)

Meaning

Literally "one action, two gains." Meaning: getting two benefits from a single action — killing two birds with one stone.

積小成大

積小成大 (적소성대, jeoksoseongdae)

Meaning

Literally "small things accumulate into something big." Meaning: small efforts build up over time into a great achievement.

有名無實

有名無實 (유명무실, yumyeongmusil)

Meaning

Literally "has a name but no substance." Meaning: something exists in name only, with no real substance behind it.

初志一貫

初志一貫 (초지일관, chojiilgwan)

Meaning

Literally "the original resolve carried through consistently." Meaning: staying true to your original intention from beginning to end.

結者解之

結者解之 (결자해지, gyeoljahaeji)

Meaning

Literally "the one who tied the knot must untie it." Meaning: whoever caused a problem is the one who should resolve it.

馬耳東風

馬耳東風 (마이동풍, maidongpung)

Meaning

Literally "east wind in a horse's ear." Meaning: letting someone's words go in one ear and out the other, without taking them to heart.

知彼知己

知彼知己 (지피지기, jipijigi)

Meaning

Literally "know the other, know yourself." Meaning: understanding both your opponent and yourself is the basis for guaranteed success.

愚公移山

愚公移山 (우공이산, ugongisan)

Meaning

Literally "the foolish old man moves a mountain," from a fable about an old man who slowly dug away a mountain. Meaning: steady, persistent effort can accomplish even a seemingly impossible task.

過猶不及

過猶不及 (과유불급, gwayubulgeup)

Meaning

Literally "too much is the same as not enough." Meaning: moderation matters — excess can be just as bad as deficiency.

Situations & metaphors

雪上加霜

雪上加霜 (설상가상, seolsanggasang)

Meaning

Literally "frost added on top of snow." Meaning: one misfortune piling on top of another.

五里霧中

五里霧中 (오리무중, orimujung)

Meaning

Literally "in a fog five ri wide." Meaning: having no idea what direction a situation is heading in.

進退兩難

進退兩難 (진퇴양난, jintwoeyangnan)

Meaning

Literally "advancing and retreating are both difficult." Meaning: a tough spot where you can neither move forward nor back.

九死一生

九死一生 (구사일생, gusailsaeng)

Meaning

Literally "nine deaths, one life." Meaning: narrowly surviving after coming close to death many times over.

一石二鳥

一石二鳥 (일석이조, ilseogijo)

Meaning

Literally "one stone, two birds." Meaning: getting two benefits from a single action.

苦肉之計

苦肉之計 (고육지계, goyukjigye)

Meaning

Literally "a scheme using one's own suffering flesh." Meaning: a scheme where you sacrifice or harm yourself to escape a difficult situation.

有口無言

有口無言 (유구무언, yuguomueon)

Meaning

Literally "having a mouth but no words." Meaning: having no excuse or defense left to offer.

前途洋洋

前途洋洋 (전도양양, jeondoyangyang)

Meaning

Literally "the road ahead stretches out wide and bright." Meaning: one's future prospects are very bright.

四面楚歌

四面楚歌 (사면초가, samyeonchoga)

Meaning

Literally "songs of Chu on all four sides," from a battle where surrounded soldiers heard enemy songs from every direction. Meaning: being surrounded and isolated with nowhere to turn for help.

天壤之差

天壤之差 (천양지차, cheonyangjicha)

Meaning

Literally "the difference between heaven and earth." Meaning: an extremely large gap or difference.

換骨奪胎

換骨奪胎 (환골탈태, hwangoltaltae)

Meaning

Literally "exchange the bones, take a new womb." Meaning: someone or something transformed so completely for the better that they're barely recognizable.

百聞不如一見

百聞不如一見 (백문불여일견, baengmunburyeoilgyeon)

Meaning

Literally "hearing a hundred times is not as good as seeing once" (this one runs to six characters rather than the usual four). Meaning: seeing something for yourself is more reliable than only hearing about it.

龍頭蛇尾

龍頭蛇尾 (용두사미, yongdusami)

Meaning

Literally "a dragon's head, a snake's tail." Meaning: starting off grand and impressive but ending weakly or anticlimactically.

同床異夢

同床異夢 (동상이몽, dongsangimong)

Meaning

Literally "same bed, different dreams." Meaning: acting together on the surface while each person privately has different thoughts or intentions.

漁父之利

漁父之利 (어부지리, eobujiri)

Meaning

Literally "the fisherman's profit," from a fable where a fisherman catches both a clam and a bird fighting each other. Meaning: a third party benefits while two others are busy fighting.

What does this dictionary cover?

A sajaseongeo (사자성어) is a Korean idiom built almost entirely from Chinese characters (hanja) — most run exactly four characters long, packing a surprising amount of meaning into a short phrase. This page organizes 30 of them into life & wisdom idioms (대기만성, 고진감래, and more) that carry a lesson about life, and situational/metaphorical idioms (설상가상, 오리무중, and more) that describe a specific kind of situation, each with hanja, Korean reading, romanization, and meaning.

How is this different from Korean proverbs and idioms?

A sajaseongeo is built from Chinese characters, while Korean proverbs and idioms are made mostly of native Korean words and phrases. Both types of expressions often don't make literal sense when translated word-for-word, so knowing their real meaning and usage helps a great deal with both reading comprehension and your own writing or speech.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do I need to know the hanja to understand these idioms?

Not necessarily — learning the meaning and origin story alongside the idiom is usually enough to use it comfortably. That said, knowing what each hanja character means makes it much easier to understand why the idiom carries the meaning it does.

Can I also find native Korean proverbs and idioms here?

Yes — proverbs and idioms made of native Korean words are covered in the Korean Proverbs & Idioms Dictionary.