Japanese Bowing Etiquette: Eshaku, Keirei, and Saikeirei

Japanese bows come in several types depending on angle and situation. Here's how the three main types are used.

Eshaku (~15 degrees)

A light bow used in casual situations, like greeting someone while passing in a hallway. The shallowest angle, with just a slight tilt of the upper body.

Keirei (~30 degrees)

The most commonly used bow in general business settings, such as greeting a visitor or a superior.

Saikeirei (~45 degrees)

The deepest bow, used to convey strong gratitude or apology. Also used at formal occasions like weddings and funerals.

Timing between words and the bow

Finishing your spoken greeting before bowing — known as "bunrirei" (separated bow, or "words first, bow after") — is considered the polite standard.

Basic posture

Starting with a straight back, bend at the waist rather than the neck alone — keeping a straight line from head to hips is key to a clean-looking bow.

Where to look

The standard flow is to make eye contact before and after the bow, while naturally lowering your gaze during the bow itself.

Why the angle changes the meaning

A deeper bow is generally understood to convey stronger respect or feeling toward the other person. A bow that's too deep or too shallow for the situation can actually come across as unnatural.

How it differs from a seated bow (zarei)

A bow performed while seated, as in a Japanese-style room, is called "zarei" and differs from the standing "ritsurei" bow in hand position and angle standards. What's introduced here is the basic standing bow, assuming a chair-based lifestyle.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do I need to follow the exact bowing angles precisely?

These are widely cited guidelines, but in practice they vary somewhat by person, situation, and even company training. Rather than fixating on exact numbers, bowing politely with sincerity is the basic principle.

Should foreign visitors bow too?

It's not required, but a simple eshaku-level bow is often warmly received as a way of conveying welcome or gratitude.