Japanese Honorific Speech (Keigo) Explained

Keigo isn't just about "speaking politely" — it's a system for choosing different words depending on your position and relationship to the listener. Here it is broken into three types.

Sonkeigo (Respectful language)

Elevates the actions or state of the listener or a third party being discussed. "Say" (iu) becomes "ossharu," "see" (miru) becomes "goran ni naru," and "do" (suru) becomes "nasaru."

Kenjougo (Humble language)

Lowers the speaker's own actions to show respect toward the listener. "Say" becomes "mousu/moushiageru," "do" becomes "itasu," and "receive" becomes "itadaku."

Teineigo (Polite language)

Makes speech polite overall using endings like "desu" and "masu." Unlike respectful or humble language, it doesn't raise or lower anyone's status — it's a baseline politeness usable with anyone.

A common mix-up

A frequent error is using respectful language for one's own actions (e.g., saying "I will [respectfully] view the documents" incorrectly). The rule is: humble language for your own actions, respectful language for the other person's.

Watch out for double honorifics

Stacking honorific forms on top of each other — like adding respectful conjugation to an already-respectful verb — is a common overcorrection that ends up sounding unnatural rather than more polite.

Common business set phrases

Memorizing fixed phrases like "could you please confirm" (go-kakunin itadakemasu deshouka), "understood" (shouchi itashimashita), and "sorry for the trouble" (otesuu wo okake shimasu ga) makes real situations much less stressful.

Keigo isn't only about hierarchy

Keigo isn't used based purely on a simple senior/junior hierarchy — it also shifts based on "inside vs. outside" relationships, like whether someone is from your own company or an outside one, or whether you've just met. The same person might warrant different honorific choices depending on the situation.

You don't need to aim for perfection

Keigo is complex enough that even native Japanese speakers make mistakes with it. A practical approach is to first get comfortable with the basic distinction between the three types, then gradually build up a set of natural-sounding phrases you can use confidently.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is it rude if I get keigo wrong?

In most situations, the sincere effort to speak politely matters more than a small mistake. For important business occasions, though, it helps to double-check common phrases in advance.

Is "manual keigo" (used in customer service) different from proper keigo?

Yes — phrases commonly heard in service jobs, like "ni narimasu" or "yoroshikatta deshouka," are technically considered grammatically off despite being widespread. Understanding the three core types makes it easier to spot the difference.