Common English Grammar Mistakes (and How to Remember the Rule)

These mixups survive spell-check because every word involved is spelled correctly — the mistake is which correctly-spelled word you picked.

"Its" vs. "it's"

"It's" is always a contraction of "it is" or "it has." "Its" (no apostrophe) is the possessive form. Quick test: if you can replace it with "it is" and the sentence still makes sense, use the apostrophe.

"Affect" vs. "effect"

"Affect" is almost always a verb meaning to influence something ("the delay affected sales"). "Effect" is almost always a noun meaning a result ("the effect was immediate"). The rare exceptions exist but are uncommon enough to ignore for everyday writing.

"Then" vs. "than"

"Then" relates to time or sequence ("we ate, then left"). "Than" is used for comparisons ("faster than before"). Mixing them up is one of the most common typos in casual writing.

"Your" vs. "you're"

"Your" is possessive ("your car"). "You're" is a contraction of "you are." The same substitution test applies: if "you are" fits, use the apostrophe version.

"There," "their," and "they're"

"There" refers to a place ("over there"), "their" is possessive ("their house"), and "they're" means "they are." All three sound identical when spoken, which is exactly why they get swapped in writing.

"Fewer" vs. "less"

"Fewer" is for things you can count individually ("fewer apples"). "Less" is for uncountable amounts or singular mass concepts ("less water," "less time"). The classic supermarket sign "10 items or less" is a famous example of this rule being broken.

"Who" vs. "whom"

"Who" is a subject pronoun (the one doing the action); "whom" is an object pronoun (the one receiving it). A quick test: if you could answer the question with "he," use "who"; if the answer would be "him," use "whom."

Apostrophes for plain plurals

A simple plural almost never takes an apostrophe ("bananas," not "banana's"). An apostrophe is reserved for possession ("the banana's peel") or a contraction, not for making a word plural.

Why these particular mistakes are so common

Nearly every entry on this list involves homophones — words that sound identical when spoken but are spelled differently and mean different things. Because they sound correct out loud, they slip past a writer's ear, and because they are spelled correctly as standalone words, they slip past a spell-checker too.

The fastest way to catch them yourself

The substitution test used throughout this list — mentally expanding a contraction back to its full words — catches the majority of these errors in seconds. Reading a sentence aloud also helps, since your ear will often notice an odd rhythm even when your eye skips right past a typo.

When a "rule" is actually more flexible than it sounds

Some traditionally taught rules, like never ending a sentence with a preposition or never splitting an infinitive, are treated as much more flexible by modern style guides when the alternative sounds stiff or unnatural. The mixups above are different — they change the literal meaning of the sentence, which is why they are worth getting right even in casual writing.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does spell-check catch any of these?

Rarely. Spell-check flags misspelled words, but "there" and "their" are both spelled correctly — the mistake is a word-choice error, not a spelling error, so basic spell-check tools miss it entirely.

Is "less" always technically wrong for countable nouns?

By the traditional rule, yes, though the distinction is loosening in casual speech. Formal or professional writing is still safer sticking to fewer for countable items.

Is ending a sentence with a preposition actually incorrect?

No — most modern style guides consider it perfectly acceptable when the alternative phrasing sounds awkward or overly formal.

What is the single fastest way to catch these before hitting send?

Read the sentence back and mentally expand any contraction to its full two words — if "it is," "you are," or "they are" still makes sense in that spot, the apostrophe version is correct.